docs: fix gcc command in README

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+---
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+---

.gitignore

@@ -54,6 +54,15 @@ dkms.conf
 # debug information files
 *.dwo
 
+# LaTeX
+.auctex-auto/
+*.fls
+*.log
+*.synctex.gz
+*.fdb_latexmk
+*.aux
+*.pdf
+
 # Nix related things
 .direnv/
 result*/

assignment1/default.nix

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 let
-  basic-c = name: { stdenv }:
+  basicC = name: { stdenv }:
     stdenv.mkDerivation {
       inherit name;
       src = ./.;
       buildPhase = ''
         runHook preBuild
-        gcc part2/${name}.c -o ${name}
+        gcc part2/${name}.c -o ${name}.bin
         runHook postBuild
       '';
       installPhase = ''
         runHook preInstall
         mkdir -p $out/bin
-        install ${name} $out/bin/
+        install ${name}.bin $out/bin/${name}
         runHook postInstall
       '';
     };
 in {
-  a1-hello = basic-c "hello";
-  a1-employee = basic-c "employee";
-  a1-logwriter = basic-c "logwriter";
+  a1-hello = basicC "hello";
+  a1-employee = basicC "employee";
+  a1-logwriter = basicC "logwriter";
 }

assignment2/default.nix

@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 let
-  basic-c = subdir: name: { stdenv }:
+  basicC = subdir: name: { stdenv }:
     stdenv.mkDerivation {
       inherit name;
       src = ./.;
       buildPhase = ''
         runHook preBuild
-        gcc ${subdir}/${name}.c -o ${name}
+        gcc ${subdir}/${name}.c -o ${name}.bin
         runHook postBuild
       '';
       installPhase = ''
         runHook preInstall
         mkdir -p $out/bin
-        install ${name} $out/bin/
+        install ${name}.bin $out/bin/${name}
         runHook postInstall
       '';
     };
 in {
-  a2-p1-producer = basic-c "part1" "producer";
-  a2-p1-consumer = basic-c "part1" "consumer";
+  a2-p1-producer = basicC "part1" "producer";
+  a2-p1-consumer = basicC "part1" "consumer";
 
-  a2-p2-bidirectional = basic-c "part2" "bidirectional";
+  a2-p2-bidirectional = basicC "part2" "bidirectional";
 
-  a2-p3-producer = basic-c "part3" "producer";
-  a2-p3-consumer = basic-c "part3" "consumer";
+  a2-p3-producer = basicC "part3" "producer";
+  a2-p3-consumer = basicC "part3" "consumer";
 }

flake.nix

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
       subdirs = [
         "assignment1"
         "assignment2"
+        "project1"
       ];
 
       eachSystem = nixpkgs.lib.genAttrs (import systems);

project1/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# CS3502 Project 1: Asynchronous Banking Account Management
+
+This directory contains multiple toy models of asynchronous bank account systems, demonstrating the principles of race condition and deadlock avoidance.
+
+## Usage
+
+There are 4 programs labeled Phases 1-4:
+
+- **Phase 1**: Naive non-supervised multi-threaded account system
+- **Phase 2**: Mutex-based account system
+- **Phase 3**: Deadlock generation
+- **Phase 4**: Deadlock resolution via lock ordering
+
+If you have [Nix](https://nixos.org/) installed:
+
+```sh
+nix run .#p1-phase1
+```
+
+Otherwise, the code must be compiled manually:
+
+``` sh
+gcc phase1/phase1.c -o phase1.bin
+```
+

project1/default.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+let
+  basicC = subdir: name: { stdenv }:
+    stdenv.mkDerivation {
+      inherit name;
+      src = ./.;
+      buildPhase = ''
+        runHook preBuild
+        gcc ${subdir}/${name}.c -o ${name}.bin
+        runHook postBuild
+      '';
+      installPhase = ''
+        runHook preInstall
+        mkdir -p $out/bin
+        install ${name}.bin $out/bin/${name}
+        runHook postInstall
+      '';
+    };
+in {
+  p1-phase1 = basicC "phase1" "phase1";
+  p1-phase2 = basicC "phase2" "phase2";
+  p1-phase3 = basicC "phase3" "phase3";
+  p1-phase4 = basicC "phase4" "phase4";
+}

project1/phase1/phase1.c

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#define NUM_ACCOUNTS 8
+#define NUM_TELLERS 128
+#define TRANSACTIONS_PER_TELLER 100
+
+// Monetary value in cents
+typedef long currency;
+
+void printf_currency(currency c) {
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    printf("-");
+  }
+  printf("$%ld.%.2ld", c / 100, c % 100);
+}
+
+// Accounts (shared resource)
+typedef struct account {
+  int account_id;
+  currency balance;
+  int transaction_count;
+} account;
+
+// Global account array
+account accounts[NUM_ACCOUNTS];
+
+// Teller threads
+
+pthread_t tellers[NUM_TELLERS];
+
+typedef struct teller_args {
+  int teller_id;
+  currency total;
+} teller_args;
+
+void *teller_thread(void *arg) {
+  teller_args *args = (teller_args *)arg;
+  int id = args->teller_id;
+  currency total = 0;
+
+  unsigned int seed = time(NULL) + pthread_self();
+  for (int i = 0; i < TRANSACTIONS_PER_TELLER; i++) {
+    printf("Thread %u: ", id);
+    // Deposit or withdraw random currency amount from $0 to $1000
+    currency random_amount = ((long)rand_r(&seed)) % 100000;
+    if (rand_r(&seed) % 2) {
+      printf("Withdrawing ");
+      printf_currency(random_amount);
+      random_amount = -random_amount;
+    } else {
+      printf("Depositing ");
+      printf_currency(random_amount);
+    }
+
+    int random_acc = rand_r(&seed) % NUM_ACCOUNTS;
+    accounts[random_acc].balance += random_amount;
+    accounts[random_acc].transaction_count++;
+
+    printf(" into account %u\n", random_acc);
+
+    total += random_amount;
+  }
+
+  args->total = total;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+int main() {
+  // Initialize all accounts with 0 balance
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ACCOUNTS; i++) {
+    accounts[i] = (account){.account_id = i, .balance = 0};
+  }
+
+  // Initialize tellers
+  teller_args args[NUM_TELLERS];
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TELLERS; i++) {
+    args[i] = (teller_args){.teller_id = i};
+    pthread_create(&tellers[i], NULL, teller_thread, &args[i]);
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to finish
+  currency expected_total = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TELLERS; i++) {
+    pthread_join(tellers[i], NULL);
+    expected_total += args[i].total;
+  }
+
+  currency actual_total = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ACCOUNTS; i++) {
+    actual_total += accounts[i].balance;
+  }
+
+  printf("Total balance: ");
+  printf_currency(actual_total);
+  printf("\nExpected total: ");
+  printf_currency(expected_total);
+  printf("\n");
+
+  return 0;
+}

project1/phase2/phase2.c

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#define NUM_ACCOUNTS 8
+#define NUM_TELLERS 128
+#define TRANSACTIONS_PER_TELLER 1000
+
+// Monetary value in cents
+typedef long currency;
+
+void sprintf_currency(char *buffer, currency c) {
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    sprintf(buffer, "-");
+    buffer += sizeof(char);
+  }
+  sprintf(buffer, "$%ld.%.2ld", c / 100, c % 100);
+}
+
+void printf_currency(currency c) {
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    printf("-");
+  }
+  printf("$%ld.%.2ld", c / 100, c % 100);
+}
+
+// Accounts (shared resource)
+typedef struct account {
+  int account_id;
+  currency balance;
+  int transaction_count;
+  pthread_mutex_t lock; // Account access mutex
+} account;
+
+void deposit(account *acc, currency amount) {
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&acc->lock);
+  // CRITICAL SECTION BEGIN
+  acc->balance += amount;
+  acc->transaction_count++;
+  // CRITICAL SECTION END
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&acc->lock);
+}
+
+// Global account array
+account accounts[NUM_ACCOUNTS];
+
+// Teller threads
+
+pthread_t tellers[NUM_TELLERS];
+
+typedef struct teller_args {
+  int teller_id;
+  currency total;
+} teller_args;
+
+void *teller_thread(void *arg) {
+  teller_args *args = (teller_args *)arg;
+  int id = args->teller_id;
+  currency total = 0;
+
+  unsigned int seed = time(NULL) + pthread_self();
+  for (int i = 0; i < TRANSACTIONS_PER_TELLER; i++) {
+    // Deposit or withdraw random currency amount from $0 to $1000
+    currency random_amount = ((long)rand_r(&seed)) % 100000;
+
+    char *operation;
+    currency random_amount_i = random_amount;
+    if (rand_r(&seed) % 2) {
+      random_amount_i = -random_amount;
+      operation = "Withdrawing";
+    } else {
+      operation = "Depositing";
+    }
+
+    int random_acc = rand_r(&seed) % NUM_ACCOUNTS;
+    deposit(&accounts[random_acc], random_amount_i);
+
+    // Display result of transaction
+    char buffer[8];
+    sprintf_currency(buffer, random_amount);
+    printf("Thread %u: %s %s into account %u\n", id, operation, buffer,
+           random_acc);
+
+    total += random_amount_i;
+  }
+
+  args->total = total;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+int main() {
+  // Initialize all accounts with 0 balance
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ACCOUNTS; i++) {
+    accounts[i] = (account){.account_id = i, .balance = 0};
+    pthread_mutex_init(&accounts[i].lock, NULL);
+  }
+
+  // Initialize tellers
+  teller_args args[NUM_TELLERS];
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TELLERS; i++) {
+    args[i] = (teller_args){.teller_id = i};
+    pthread_create(&tellers[i], NULL, teller_thread, &args[i]);
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to finish
+  currency expected_total = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TELLERS; i++) {
+    pthread_join(tellers[i], NULL);
+    expected_total += args[i].total;
+  }
+
+  currency actual_total = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ACCOUNTS; i++) {
+    actual_total += accounts[i].balance;
+  }
+
+  printf("Total balance: ");
+  printf_currency(actual_total);
+  printf("\nExpected total: ");
+  printf_currency(expected_total);
+  printf("\n");
+
+  return 0;
+}

project1/phase3/phase3.c

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#define NUM_ACCOUNTS 5
+#define NUM_TRANSFERS 5
+
+// Monetary value in cents
+typedef long currency;
+
+void sprintf_currency(char *buffer, currency c) {
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    sprintf(buffer, "-");
+    buffer += sizeof(char);
+  }
+  sprintf(buffer, "$%ld.%.2ld", c / 100, c % 100);
+}
+
+void printf_currency(currency c) {
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    printf("-");
+  }
+  printf("$%ld.%.2ld", c / 100, c % 100);
+}
+
+// Accounts (shared resource)
+typedef struct account {
+  int account_id;
+  currency balance;
+  int transaction_count;
+  pthread_mutex_t lock; // Account access mutex
+} account;
+
+// Global account array
+account accounts[NUM_ACCOUNTS];
+
+// Threads
+
+pthread_t transfers[NUM_TRANSFERS];
+
+typedef struct transfer_args {
+  int transfer_id;
+  account *from;
+  account *to;
+  currency amount;
+} transfer_args;
+
+void *transfer_thread(void *arg) {
+  transfer_args *args = (transfer_args *)arg;
+  int id = args->transfer_id;
+  account *from = args->from;
+  account *to = args->to;
+  currency amount = args->amount;
+
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&from->lock);
+  printf("Thread %u: Locked account %d\n", id, from->account_id);
+
+  usleep(100); // Delay to account for other threads
+
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&to->lock);
+  printf("Thread %u: Locked account %d\n", id, to->account_id);
+
+  from->balance -= amount;
+  to->balance += amount;
+  from->transaction_count++;
+  to->transaction_count++;
+
+  printf("Thread %u: Unlocked account %u\n", id, from->account_id);
+  printf("Thread %u: Unlocked account %u\n", id, to->account_id);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&to->lock);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&from->lock);
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+int main() {
+  // Initialize all accounts with 0 balance
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ACCOUNTS; i++) {
+    accounts[i] = (account){.account_id = i, .balance = 0};
+    pthread_mutex_init(&accounts[i].lock, NULL);
+  }
+
+  // Initialize transfers
+  transfer_args args[NUM_TRANSFERS];
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TRANSFERS; i++) {
+    args[i] = (transfer_args){.transfer_id = i,
+                              .from = &accounts[i % NUM_ACCOUNTS],
+                              .to = &accounts[(i + 1) % NUM_ACCOUNTS],
+                              .amount = 1000};
+    pthread_create(&transfers[i], NULL, transfer_thread, &args[i]);
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to finish
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TRANSFERS; i++) {
+    pthread_join(transfers[i], NULL);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}

project1/phase4/phase4.c

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#include "bits/time.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#define NUM_ACCOUNTS 5
+#define NUM_TRANSFERS 20
+
+// Monetary value in cents
+typedef long currency;
+
+void sprintf_currency(char *buffer, currency c) {
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    sprintf(buffer, "-");
+    buffer += sizeof(char);
+  }
+  sprintf(buffer, "$%ld.%.2ld", c / 100, c % 100);
+}
+
+void printf_currency(currency c) {
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    printf("-");
+  }
+  printf("$%ld.%.2ld", c / 100, c % 100);
+}
+
+// Accounts (shared resource)
+typedef struct account {
+  int account_id;
+  currency balance;
+  int transaction_count;
+  pthread_mutex_t lock; // Account access mutex
+} account;
+
+// Global account array
+account accounts[NUM_ACCOUNTS];
+
+// Threads
+
+pthread_t transfers[NUM_TRANSFERS];
+
+typedef struct transfer_args {
+  int transfer_id;
+  account *from;
+  account *to;
+  currency amount;
+} transfer_args;
+
+void *transfer_thread(void *arg) {
+  transfer_args *args = (transfer_args *)arg;
+  int id = args->transfer_id;
+  account *from = args->from;
+  account *to = args->to;
+  currency amount = args->amount;
+
+  // Sort in increasing order
+  account *acc1;
+  account *acc2;
+  if (from->account_id < to->account_id) {
+    acc1 = from;
+    acc2 = to;
+  } else {
+    acc1 = to;
+    acc2 = from;
+  }
+
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&acc1->lock);
+  printf("Thread %u: Locked account %u (1)\n", id, acc1->account_id);
+
+  usleep(100); // Delay to account for other threads
+
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&acc2->lock);
+  printf("Thread %u: Locked account %u (2)\n", id, acc2->account_id);
+
+  from->balance -= amount;
+  to->balance += amount;
+  from->transaction_count++;
+  to->transaction_count++;
+
+  printf("Thread %u: Unlocked account %u\n", id, acc1->account_id);
+  printf("Thread %u: Unlocked account %u\n", id, acc2->account_id);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&acc2->lock);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&acc1->lock);
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+int main() {
+  // Initialize all accounts with 0 balance
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ACCOUNTS; i++) {
+    accounts[i] = (account){.account_id = i, .balance = 0};
+    pthread_mutex_init(&accounts[i].lock, NULL);
+  }
+
+  // Initialize tellers
+  transfer_args args[NUM_TRANSFERS];
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TRANSFERS; i++) {
+    args[i] = (transfer_args){.transfer_id = i,
+                              .from = &accounts[i % NUM_ACCOUNTS],
+                              .to = &accounts[(i + 1) % NUM_ACCOUNTS],
+                              .amount = 1000};
+    pthread_create(&transfers[i], NULL, transfer_thread, &args[i]);
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to finish
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_TRANSFERS; i++) {
+    pthread_join(transfers[i], NULL);
+  }
+
+  // Print account balance totals
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ACCOUNTS; i++) {
+    printf("Total in account %u: ", i);
+    printf_currency(accounts[i].balance);
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}

project1/report/report.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+
+\title{CS3502 Project 1: Resource Management and Deadlocks}
+\author{Kiana Sheibani}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\newpage
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+To demonstrate the basic principles of multi-threaded code, race conditions, and deadlock
+avoidance, I ultimately decided to go with the model of a banking system, as that serves
+as a simple and immediately applicable demonstration of the concept.
+
+The code for this project is stored in the \texttt{project1} subdirectory of my repository
+for this class: \url{https://github.com/tokinanpa/CS3502}.
+
+\section{Phase 1: Basic Thread Operations}
+
+\subsection{Implementation}
+
+To start with, I simply needed some basic code of multiple threads trying to access and
+manipulate an array of bank accounts. This code mostly looked similar to the example code
+given in the instructions, except for the following differences:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+        \item The currency amounts are stored as an integer number of cents instead of
+        floating point values, because that's the sensible thing to do.
+        \item Each thread is passed an argument struct that contains its own ID and a slot
+        for it to pass back the total amount it deposited or withdrew.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+The program initializes an array of accounts (8) and of teller threads (128), then each
+thread starts depositing or withdrawing a random amount of money up to \$1000 a certain
+amount of times (100), while keeping a count of the total monetary influx that thread
+introduced. After all threads have joined back up with the main program, the combined sum
+from each thread (the \emph{expected total}) is compared with the sum of all account
+balances (the \emph{actual total}). If no race conditions have occurred, these values
+should be equal.
+
+\subsection{Results}
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+  \centering
+  \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{../phase1/output.png}
+  \caption{The output log of the Phase 1 program.}
+  \label{fig:result1}
+\end{figure}
+
+As expected, the program did indeed demonstrate that race conditions had occurred between
+the threads, as can be seen in \figurename~\ref{fig:result1}. You may notice that the
+transaction logs are somewhat garbled; this is because the logs are generated through
+multiple \texttt{printf} calls, resulting in another example of a race condition. I did
+not yet fix this bug because the repeated I/O calls helped delay the threads' execution
+and make race conditions more likely.
+
+\section{Phase 2: Resource Protection}
+
+\subsection{Implementation}
+
+This was a very small addition to the code for Phase 1, and just required adding a mutex
+field \texttt{lock} to the account struct and initializing it at the beginning of the main
+program. Each thread had to lock the mutex before the transaction and unlock it after,
+which could be easily encapsulated into a subroutine \texttt{deposit} that takes a pointer
+to the account and an amount.
+
+I also fixed the bug shown earlier that garbled the log output by combining the log into
+one \texttt{printf} call, which required a bit of rearranging in my code for printing currency
+values but was only a minor complication.
+
+\subsection{Results}
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+  \centering
+  \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{../phase2/output.png}
+  \caption{The output of Phase 2, showing total consistency.}
+  \label{fig:result2}
+\end{figure}
+
+Even after increasing the number of transactions per teller from 100 to 1,000, the totals
+always match up exactly.
+
+Notably, there seems to be large blocks of transactions coming from singular threads. This
+happened in the first program as well, most likely as an artifact of scheduling, but the
+blocks are much larger here. This may be due to threads repeatedly unlocking and
+re-locking a mutex, thus allowing them to instantly make another transaction.
+
+\section{Phase 3: Deadlock Creation}
+
+\subsection{Implementation}
+
+It turns out that it's quite easy to make a program deadlock! I could have just had two
+transactions competing for resources as in the example code, but I decided to implement a
+more complex example. I kept the large array of threads, but changed the threads from
+adding/subtracting random amounts to transferring money between two accounts. The accounts
+to transfer between were passed as pointers to the threads using the struct-passing method
+I outlined earlier, along with the amount to transfer (I arbitrarily picked \$10 for all threads).
+
+I then initialized the same number of threads as accounts, and set each of them to start a
+transfer from one account to the next. Thread 0 transfers from 0 to 1, thread 1 transfers
+from 1 to 2, etc. This would in theory create a large circle of threads that would
+deadlock and prevent any transaction from completing.
+
+\subsection{Results}
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+  \centering
+  \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{../phase3/output.png}
+  \caption{The output of Phase 3 successfully generating a deadlock.}
+  \label{fig:result3}
+\end{figure}
+
+The program hangs immediately once all threads have started, regardless of the number of
+accounts or transfers I generate.
+
+\section{Phase 4: Deadlock Resolution}
+
+\subsection{Implementation}
+
+To resolve the issue of these deadlocks in this code, I ultimately decided to go with a
+lock ordering approach. This is the simplest and easiest to implement of the possible
+solutions, though no program involving asynchonous execution is truly simple. The idea is
+to always lock the resources in a consistent, absolute order (in this case, the order of
+the account IDs).  This would prevent the threads from creating a cycle of lock
+acquisitions, and thereby prevent any deadlocks from occurring.
+
+\subsubsection{Challenges}
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+  \centering
+  \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{../phase4/output_wrong.png}
+  \caption{This log output shows account 0 being locked multiple times!}
+  \label{fig:outputwrong}
+\end{figure}
+
+After running the code with different parameters, in particular in the case of there being
+more transfers than accounts, I ran into a strange bug. It seemed like the mutexes were
+being locked multiple times at once, which should be impossible. The final balances of
+each account seemed to confirm that race conditions were occurring, as the total did not
+sum to 0, as should be the case when no transfer is adding or removing money from the
+bank.
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+  \centering
+  \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{../phase4/mistake.png}
+  \caption{The offending line of code (line 105).}
+  \label{fig:mistake}
+\end{figure}
+
+It took me a long time to discover the true problem: transactions were receiving invalid
+account IDs because one specific line of code accidentally left off a modulo operator
+(\texttt{i \% NUM\_ACCOUNTS}) to constrain the accounts referenced to inside the array.
+This meant that ``accounts'' were modified that did not actually exist, thus violating the
+preservation of the total sum of balances. The log output issue was completely unrelated
+and seems to solely be an artifact of race conditions in I/O operations. After fixing the
+aforementioned line of code, the final account balances were fully consistent.
+
+\subsection{Results}
+
+\begin{figure}[h!]
+  \centering
+  \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{../phase4/output.png}
+  \caption{The output log of Phase 4 showing consistent account balances.}
+  \label{fig:result4}
+\end{figure}
+
+\figurename~\ref{fig:result4} shows that deadlocks have been completely avoided and that
+no race conditions have occurred. This output was generated with 5 accounts and 20
+transfers, meaning that every account has multiple threads attempting to modify its
+balance without issue. The performance is also unchanged from previous phases, which may
+not be the case for the other deadlock resolution methods (e.g. timed locks).
+
+\end{document}

project1/test.nix

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{}

shell.nix

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-{ mkShell }:
+{ mkShell, llvmPackages_21 }:
 
-# GCC is provided by default
-mkShell {}
+mkShell {
+  packages = [
+    # GCC is provided by default
+
+    # Provides clangd
+    llvmPackages_21.clang-tools
+  ];
+}